Source code is available.
Color brightness difference
((Red value * 299) + (Green value * 587) + (Blue value * 114)) / 1000
Color difference
(maximum (Red value 1, Red value 2)- minimum (Red value 1, Red value 2)) + (maximum (Green value 1, Green value 2) - minimum (Green value 1, Green value 2)) + (maximum (Blue value 1, Blue value 2) - minimum (Blue value 1, Blue value 2))
The Contrast Analyser is a good desktop application (windows/mac, free).